from Wikipedia
In computer science, the compare-and-swap CPU instruction ("CAS") (or the Compare & Exchange - CMPXCHG instruction in the x86 and Itanium architectures) is a special instruction that atomically compares the contents of a memory location to a given value and, if they are the same, modifies the contents of that memory location to a given new value. The result of the operation must indicate whether it performed the substitution; this can be done either with a simple boolean response (this variant is often called compare-and-set), or by returning the value read from the memory location (not the value written to it).
CAS is used to implement synchronization primitives like semaphores and mutexes, as well as more sophisticated lock-free and wait-free algorithms. Maurice Herlihy (1991) proved that CAS can implement more of these algorithms than atomic read, write, and fetch-and-add, and that, assuming a fairly large amount of memory, it can implement all of them [1].
Algorithms built around CAS typically read some key memory location and remember the old value. Based on that old value, they compute some new value. Then they try to swap in the new value using CAS, where the comparison checks for the location still being equal to the old value. If CAS indicates that the attempt has failed, it has to be repeated from the beginning: the location is re-read, a new value is computed and the CAS is tried again.
Some of these algorithms are affected by and must handle the problem of a false positive match, or the ABA problem. It's possible that between the time the old value is read and the time CAS is attempted, some other processors or threads change the memory location two or more times such that it acquires a bit pattern which matches the old value. The problem arises if this new bit pattern, which looks exactly like the old value, has a different meaning: for instance, it could be a recycled address, or a wrapped version counter.
CAS, and other atomic instructions, are unnecessary in uniprocessor systems, because the atomicity of any sequence of instructions can be achieved by disabling interrupts while executing it. However, often disabling interrupts is too expensive to be practical, so even programs only intended to run on uniprocessor machines will benefit by using them, as in the case of Linux's futexes.
In multiprocessor systems, it is impossible and undesirable to disable interrupts on all processors at the same time. Even with interrupts disabled, two or more processors could be attempting to access the same semaphore's memory at the same time. The compare-and-swap instruction allows any processor to atomically test and modify a memory location, preventing such multiple processor collisions.
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Each court maintains its own databases with case details. Because PACER
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PACER is actually a support with the U.s. Judiciary. The PACER Services Center is operated by the Administrative Workplace with the United states of america Courts.
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Right here we must be aware that if you're utilizing a Tablet Computer without having a keyboard class system, you are able to make use of the stylus to enter the serial number click around the blue box to the best with the keyboard icon, which are going to be able to open a soft keyboard on the display working with the touch Click on around the pen might be input. Additionally, by default, All device drivers installed, following confirmation can work manually activated.
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据国外媒体今日报道，消息人士透露，华硕将在9月份发布基于Nvidia Ion离子平台的Eee Box台式电脑和
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该消息人士还透露，华硕将在10月份发布Eee Keyboard键盘，这款键盘类似于一台“全功能的PC”，
可用作多媒体设备的无线连接中心，定价在400至500美元之间。
而20英寸的Eee Top一体机则采用英特尔双核Atom 330处理器，定价新台币2.2万元(约合人民币4562
元)，基于离子平台的Eee Box台式PC定价新台币1.1万元(约合人民币2074元)。
此外，惠普也将在9月发布一款采用离子平台的上网本及多款超薄笔记本。(
产品介绍
Eee Box台式电脑
华硕推出的超迷你电脑主机，可视为Eee PC的桌面版，是全世界最小的桌上型电脑主机，仅重1.17公斤，
体积小巧只有22.3 × 17.8 × 2.6 cm，且产品耗电量仅20W左右。该主机不含光驱，用户需自行购买外
置式光驱。
Eee Top台式一体机
华硕易家族的第四个成员，号称史上最廉价的触摸屏一体机，支持触摸操作并使用无线键盘鼠标。同时内
置电池。
Eee Keyboard
华硕把Eee Keyboard描述为“一台全功能的PC”，可看作是一台集成到键盘之中的上网本，不同之处是
Eee keyboard拥有一块5英寸触控板和无线HDMI输出功能，并配有1.6GHz的Atom处理器(据传是Atom Z520)
,Office 2007 Key Sale，1GB DDR2内存，可选配16GB或32GB固态硬盘。接口方面，Eee keyboard拥有HDMI接口，3个USB接口，
VGA和音频I/O接口。机身仅重900克。